9. Ātmavinigrahaḥ

The ninth value of jñānam is ātmavinigrahaḥ, which translates to mastery over the mind.

In Sanskrit, the word ātmā basically indicates the first-person singular ‘I’, and depending on the context, it can refer to the physical body, the vital functions, the ahaṅkāra (ego), or the timeless awareness (saccidānanda). However, in this specific context, ātmā simply means the mind (antaḥkaraṇa). Vinigraha means ‘restraint’ or ‘curbing’, but to avoid negative connotations of coercion or repression, it is translated here as ‘mastery’.

Here is a comprehensive breakdown of this value based on the teachings:

Mastering the Ways of Thinking Mastery over the mind does not mean physically checking or controlling the cells of the brain; rather, it means mastering one’s ways of thinking. The mind is naturally whimsical, acting like a colourful kaleidoscope of fanciful, capricious thoughts that constantly come and go. However, the individual thinker is the ultimate sanctioning authority who does not need to yield to these fancies or mechanically fulfil every impulse.

Relative Mastery Complete mastery over the mind is only possible through Self-knowledge, which totally destroys the grip of the likes and dislikes that condition our thinking. Therefore, as a preparatory value, ātmavinigrahaḥ refers to relative mastery. This relative mastery is characterized by alertness and deliberateness. It involves submitting all impulses to rational scrutiny, consciously choosing to accept or dismiss thoughts, and actively breaking the habit of lapsing into mechanical, unthinking reactions.

Three Aspects of Mastery The teachings use three specific terms to describe the different levels of this mental mastery:

• Śama: Discipline over thinking at the subtle level where thoughts first arise.
• Dama: The exercise of choice over thoughts and actions at the grosser level of sense organ expression.
• Samādhāna (or cittaikāgratā): Single-pointedness or steadiness of the mind. It is the art of applying the mind consistently to a given pursuit for a length of time without being derailed by distractions.

By consistently exercising choice at the levels of śama and dama, the seeker establishes an abiding mind that is capable of samādhāna. Ultimately, ātmavinigrahaḥ is entirely a matter of alertness. When a person is alert, they have the freedom of choice. With this choice, they can deliberately change their behaviour to align with universal values, learn from their mistakes, and hold firmly to their spiritual commitments in the face of all distractions.